The Use of Modern Neuroimaging Methods in the Diagnosis of Diseases and Emergencies of the Central Nervous System – A Systematic Review

Modern neuroimaging techniques have transformed the diagnosis and management of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and emergencies. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical applications, diagnostic capabilities, and limitations of imaging modalities including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT angiography (CTA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), perfusion studies, and transfontanelle ultrasonography in infants. The review focused on conditions such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, vascular malformations, demyelinating diseases, infections, hydrocephalus, and neurodegenerative disorders. Key findings indicate that CT remains the primary tool in acute emergencies for rapid detection of hemorrhage, stroke, and hydrocephalus, while MRI offers superior sensitivity for subtle structural changes, demyelinating lesions, and neurodegenerative processes. Vascular imaging with CTA and DSA enables precise evaluation of aneurysms and malformations, guiding intervention strategies. Ultrasonography provides a safe and effective option for early assessment in neonates. Each modality has inherent limitations, such as radiation exposure in CT, limited availability of MRI, and the invasiveness of DSA, which must be considered in clinical decision-making. The review concludes that a multimodal imaging approach is essential for accurate diagnosis, individualized treatment planning, and monitoring of CNS diseases. Integrating the strengths of each technique optimizes patient outcomes and supports timely, evidence-based neurological care.