Since 1934, Norway has made use of toll financing of road infrastructure. The toll road system has a mixture of urban cordon toll rings, tolled fjord crossings, tolled motorways, and tolled public–private partnerships (PPPs). This paper begins by providing an overview of the various toll road projects and the planning framework and toll financing regime in Norway. Then it summarizes evidence on the demand effects of road tolls for a representative selection of projects. Finally, it discusses the socioeconomic efficiency of toll funding vis-à-vis conventional public funding.
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Bråthen et al. (2009) studied this question.
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