Snapshot analysis reveals that individual investor sentiment influences S&P 500 returns, indicating its importance for investment decisions.
Quickly apply original, key PMR-published papers with Snapshots—a short article companion that distills PMR research into compressed, digestible takeaways, so you can put the paper’s core ideas to work in your investment process—fast. This Snapshot article is based on research arguing that individual investor sentiment contains time-varying information about S&P 500 returns, with bearish sentiment generally more informative than bullish sentiment and the strength of the relationship varying across investment horizons.
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Derived from original PMR research written by Robert F. Engle and Ahmet K. Karagozoglu using AI and an editor (2026) studied this question.
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