Primary hepatocyte imaging by multiphoton luminescent graphene quantum dots

Water soluble GQDs were systematically characterized as a multiphoton fluorophore and a cell imaging probe. When mouse primary hepatocytes were incubated with GQDs, no significant cytotoxicity was observed up to the treatment concentration of 100 μg ml(-1). Using these GQDs, mouse primary hepatocytes were successfully imaged by multiphoton fluorescence.