Human Factors in the Design of Human–Machine Interaction: An Overview Emphasizing V2X Communication

More and more modern vehicles are incorporating connected technologies that use data collected by sensors located in other vehicles or infrastructure (V2X) to assist the driver. Deployment of upcoming technologies based on cooperative systems will likely be the key step toward a significant reduction of accidents across the globe. Particularly in the case of conveying information to the driver in the form of dynamic warnings based on V2X communication technologies representing different levels of danger, it is crucial to investigate driver distraction levels, as well as the modality and dimension of the visual warnings and their appropriate in-vehicle location. This paper summarizes and analyzes previously published works in the field of human–machine interaction for use in a vehicular context, in particular those which address messages conveyed by cooperative systems, providing the designer and the general audience with a background, variety of approaches, and example applications of the most current and important concepts in the field.