Key result
Passive smoking increased the odds of experiencing the common cold more than once (OR 1.59), whereas high-frequency leisure-time exercise reduced the risk of at least one episode by 26%.
Why the study?
Does high frequency of leisure-time exercise and smoking status affect the frequency of self-reported common cold in the general population?
Cross-Sectional (n=1,413)
No
Does high frequency of leisure-time exercise and smoking status affect the frequency of self-reported common cold in the general population?
Odds Ratio: 1.59 (95% CI 1.27–1.99)
p-value: p=<0.001
Passive smoking is associated with a higher risk of self-reported common cold, whereas high frequency of leisure-time exercise is associated with a lower risk in the Chinese general population.
These cross-sectional associations are hypothesis-generating; prospective studies needed before clinical adoption.
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) and smoking have been reported to be associated with the duration and severity of common cold symptoms. However, few studies have addressed the associations between the frequency of leisure-time exercise, cigarette smoking status and the frequency of the common cold in a cold area. This study was designed to investigate these issues in northeastern China. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included individuals who participated in a regular health examination conducted in Jilin Province, China. Information on episodes of the common cold, the frequency of leisure-time exercise and cigarette smoking status in the past year were collected by self-administered health questionnaires. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to analyse the associations between the frequency of leisure-time exercise, cigarette smoking status and the retrospective frequency of common cold. RESULTS: A total of 1413 employees participated in the study, with an average age of 38.92 ± 9.04 years and 44.4% of them were male. Of all participants, 80.8% reported having experienced the common cold in the past year. After adjustment, the risk of suffering from the common cold more than once (odds ratios (ORs), 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27-1.99) in passive smokers was 1.59 times as high as that in non-smokers. Nevertheless, the results of the adjusted analysis showed no statistically significant relation between current smoking and the frequency of the common cold. A high frequency of leisure-time exercise (≥3 days/week) was associated with a 26% reduced risk of having at least one episode of the common cold (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-0.98) compared with a low frequency group (< 4 days/month). For current and passive smokers, the protective effect of a high frequency of leisure-time exercise appears not to be obvious (current smokers: OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.33-1.43; passive smokers: OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.69-1.93). CONCLUSION: Passive smoking was associated with a higher risk of having self-reported common cold at least once, while a high frequency of leisure-time exercise was related to a lower risk of reporting more than one episode of the disease in Chinese.
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Zhou et al. (2018) conducted a cross-sectional in Common cold (n=1,413). Passive smoking vs. Non-smokers was evaluated on Suffering from the common cold more than once in the past year (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.27-1.99, p=<0.001). Passive smoking increased the odds of experiencing the common cold more than once (OR 1.59), whereas high-frequency leisure-time exercise reduced the risk of at least one episode by 26%.
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