Holocene sea-level fluctuations inferred from the evolution of depositional environments of the southern Langebaan Lagoon salt marsh, South Africa

A Holocene sea-level curve is constructed from the facies distribution and radiocarbon ages of sediment recovered from the distal, southern salt marsh of Langebaan Lagoon, on the southwest coast of South Africa. Calibrated radiocarbon analyses of an oyster-rich bioclastic gravel indicate that the Flandrian Transgression flooded the lagoon to 0–3 m above present-day levels by 6750 years ago (6.8 ka). Organic matter and shell material dated in distal lagoonal sediments indicate that sea level returned to present-day levels by 4.9 ka and have since remained within 61 m of present-day levels. Bleached shell and a hiatus in sedimentation suggest an approximate 1 m sea-level lowstand between 2.5 and 1.8 ka. Changes in the macrobenthos assemblage since 1.5 ka that include the loss of the oyster Ostrea atherstonei, razor clam Solen cap ensis, brown mussel Arcuatula capensis and periwinkle Oxystele variegata reflect loss of hard substrate, decreased tidal-flow velocities as reworked sands prograded into the southern lagoon and possibly cooler seasurface temperatures. Calibrated radiocarbon ages of bulk organic matter from diatom-rich, Zostera muddy quartzose sands indicate a 0.5 m sea-level highstand at 1.3 ka followed by a 0.5 m lowstand at 0.7 ka. Dating of fining-upward, organic-rich (2 wt% TOC) noncalcareous muds indicates that the present-day salt marsh has grown by aggradation (1mmy - 1 ) and progradation since 0.7 ka.