The quantitative, instantaneous structure of a stationary wave undergoing breaking in the spilling mode is characterized using high-image-density particle image velocimetry. The breaker originates from a sharp trough of the free surface. The essentially discontinuous slope of the surface, in the presence of flow separation beneath it, serves as a source of vorticity, giving rise to vorticity concentrations in a separated mixing layer. The region between this vorticity layer and the free surface is turbulent; it has insignificant levels of vorticity compared to the mixing layer.
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Lin et al. (1994) studied this question.
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