A Weighting Method for Assessing Between-Site Heterogeneity in Causal Mediation Mechanism

When a multisite randomized trial reveals between-site variation in program impact, methods are needed for further investigating heterogeneous mediation mechanisms across the sites. We conceptualize and identify a joint distribution of site-specific direct and indirect effects under the potential outcomes framework. A method-of-moments procedure incorporating ratio-of-mediator-probability weighting (RMPW) consistently estimates the causal parameters. This strategy conveniently relaxes the assumption of no Treatment × Mediator interaction while greatly simplifying the outcome model specification without invoking strong distributional assumptions. We derive asymptotic standard errors that reflect the sampling variability of the estimated weight. We also offer an easy-to-use R package, MultisiteMediation, that implements the proposed method. It is freely available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network ( http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MultisiteMediation ).