Novel and Conventional Preclinical Models to Investigate Bone Metastasis

The purpose of this review is to emphasize the use of bone metastasis models in preclinical research. As classical models have been thoroughly discussed in recent reviews, we here highlight the most important aspects from these papers with a special focus on novel models developed during the past 5 years. Preclinical mouse models to study bone metastasis can be divided by cancer cell inoculation techniques (spontaneous, systemic, or local) or by immunological background of the mice (immunodeficient, syngeneic, or humanized). Additionally, novel computational, in vitro co-culture, and humanized bone models have been established. Various models can be used to approach distinct research questions. Understanding limitations of the models is essential when planning a study and interpreting the results. Development of novel models will increase understanding of the complex biology and advance the discovery of new therapies targeting bone metastases.