GPIHBP1 increase accounts for rheumatic arthritis-related hypotriglyceridemia by facilitating lipids uptake of white adipose tissues

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Impacts of RA whole blood transfusion on NOD-SCID mice’s WAT. A weights of different human blood-transfused mice’s organs; B blood insulin levels of the mice; C blood GLU levels of the mice; D levels of main blood lipids of the mice; E levels of representative FA in the mice’s blood; F levels of adipokines in the mice’s WAT; G levels of adipokines in the mice’s liver; H blood adiponectin levels of the mice; I levels of TG metabolism-related metabolites in the mice’s WAT. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with normal controls

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  Fig. 2. Impacts of RA blood transfusion on lipids metabolism in the liver and muscles of NOD-SCID mice. A levels of TG metabolism-related metabolites in different human blood-transfused mice’ liver; B levels of representative FA in the mice’s liver; C levels of CPT-1A and FAS in the mice’s liver; D WB assays performed using the mice’s liver; E the quantification results of experiment D; F levels of TG metabolism-related metabolites in the mice’s muscles; G levels of CPT-1A in the mice’s muscles. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with normal controls

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  Fig. 3. Impacts of long-lasting AIA on rats’ internal environment. A schematic diagram of the experiment flow; B AIA progression during later stages; C levels of RA diagnostic indicators in healthy and AIA rats’ blood; D levels of adipokines in the rats’ blood; E weights of the rats’ organs; F levels of representative FA in the rats’ blood; G levels of main blood lipids detected using the periodically collected rat blood. Experiments C, D and G were conducted using the blood sampled at day 100. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with normal controls

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  Fig. 4. Differed impacts of long-lasting AIA on lipids metabolism in the liver, WAT and muscles of rats. A levels of TG metabolism-related metabolites in healthy and AIA rats’ liver; B levels of representative FA in the rats’ liver; C levels of CPT-1A and FAS in the rat’s liver; D WB assays performed using the rat’ liver; E levels of TG metabolism-related metabolites in the rats’ muscles; F levels of CPT-1A in the rats’ muscles; G WB assays performed using the rats’ muscles; H levels of main lipids in the rats’ WAT; I WB assays performed using the rats’ WAT; J concentrations of LPL in the rats’ WAT; K information summary of the above experiments. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with normal controls

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  Fig. 5. Effects of RA-related inflammatory cytokines on functions of hepatocytes and pre-adipocytes. A WB assays performed using HepG2 cells treated by TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6; B the quantification results of experiment A; C levels of CPT-1A detected in the medium from experiment A; D WB assays performed using HepG2 cells treated by WAT homogenates from the human blood transfused-NOD-SCID mice; E WB assays performed using primary rat pre-adipocytes treated by TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6; F the quantification results of experiment E; G WB assays performed using pre-adipocytes cultured in different human serum; H levels of leptin and visfatin detected in the medium from experiment G; I WB assays performed using pre-adipocytes cultured in different rat serum; J levels of adipokines detected in the medium from experiment I. The low, medium and high concentrations for all the cytokines in the experiments were 1, 10 and 100 pg/ml, respectively. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with untreated or normal blood serum-cultured cells

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  Fig. 6. Impacts of RA-related GPIHBP1 increase on blood TG. A GPIHBP1 levels detected in different human blood samples; B blood TG level changes in rats after human blood transfusion (and GPIHBP1 injection); C WB assays performed using the rats’ WAT, and the samples were collected 6 h after human blood transfusion; D GPIHBP1 levels in the medium from HUVEC cells culture assay, and the cells were treated by IL-6 or TNF-α + IL-1β. The low, medium and high concentrations for TNF-α in experiment C were 1, 10 and 100 pg/ml, respectively. The concentrations for IL-1β and IL-6 were 9 and 2-fold higher, respectively. Statistical significance: **p < 0.01 compared with normal controls or untreated cells

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  Fig. 7. Impacts of RA-related GPIHBP1 increase on TG uptake of (pre)-adipocytes. A Oil Red O-stained (pre)-adipocytes, which were cultured in normal or RA serum; B TG levels detected in the samples from rat pre-adipocytes culture systems, and the cells were stimulated by different human serum or in the presence of HUVEC cells and GPIHBP1; C WB assays performed using the cells from assay B; D LPL concentration and activity detected in the samples from assay B; E LPL distribution on the cells from assay B, observed by IF method; F the quantification results of experiment E; G extracelluar and intracellular TG levels of adipocytes stimulated by human serum and GPIHBP1; H the role of GPIHBP1-LPL system in linking local TG metabolism changes to blood lipids profile alteration at different disease stages in rheumatic subjects. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with untreated or normal blood serum-cultured cells