A comprehensive characterization of mesocyclonic and nonmesocyclonic tornadoes in Italy

This study investigates the synoptic and mesoscale conditions associated with mesocyclonic and nonmesocyclonic tornadoes across Italy. Hence, it offers the first systematic comparison of these two tornado types in the area. Mesocyclonic tornadoes are found to be associated with pronounced features. These include upper-level troughs, surface pressure lows, and strong thermodynamic and kinematic anomalies in low-level temperature, humidity, CAPE, low-level vertical shear, and lifting condensation level. In contrast, nonmesocyclonic tornadoes exhibit weaker and less coherent patterns. Additionally, significant sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are observed in the proximity of coastal mesocyclonic tornadoes, particularly in the south- and north-eastern clusters, suggesting a possible thermodynamic influence of the ocean, consistent with prior studies. Finally, correlations between synoptic configurations associated with tornado occurrences and regional circulation types are analyzed, revealing strong associations of tornado environment with specific weather configurations. These findings enhance our understanding of tornado dynamics in Italy and offer potential avenues for improved synoptic- and mesoscale forecasting of these extreme phenomena.