Denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions from a Black Chernozemic soil during spring thaw in Alberta

Previous field research in Alberta has suggested that denitrification occurs mostly when soil thaws in the spring, with associated soil water saturation. Our objective was to determine if denitrification and N 2 O emission in fact take place in cold, thawing soil in the field. Denitrification and N 2 O flux were measured in two springs and the intervening summer. Cylinders were placed in soil in November, 1988, and 57 kg N ha −1 of 15 Nlabeled KNO 3 was added. Soil 15 N mass balance technique showed 23 kg N ha −1 of added-N was lost by 15 May 1989. Gas trappings were made (28 March to 29 April) and nearly all of the N 2 O emission (3.5 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 ) occurred during an 11-d period of thaw. The accumulated N 2 O flux from 20 June to 31 August was small (0.5 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 , or less); during that time there were no rainfall events intense enough to produce water saturated soil. In 1990, 15 N-labeled KNO 3 (100 kg N ha −1 ) was applied on 26 March (outset of the thaw) and mass balance showed 32.7 kg N ha −1 of added-N was lost by 7 May. A flux of 16.3 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 occurred largely in a 10-d period during and immediately after soil thaw. The N 2 O emitted from soil left a considerable fraction of the lost N unaccounted for. This unaccounted N was most likely lost as gaseous N other than N 2 O (e.g., N 2 ). We conclude that large amounts of soil nitrate may be denitrified, with smaller amounts emitted as N 2 O, as the soil thaws and soon thereafter.