1.Sugar beet, tomato, potato, oat, and kale were grown in sand cultures with additions of several ‘heavy’ metals including Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, V, Mo in equivalent concentrations. 2.In sugar beet Cu++, Co++, Cd++ were usually highly active in causing chlorosis mainly suggestive of iron deficiency. The effect of Cr depended on valency and was greater as CrO 4 −−. Zn++, VO 3 −−, Cr+++, Mn++, and Pb++ were less active in order. 3.The visual responses to Co++ and Ni++ varied greatly with the crop tested. Cu++, however, always induced typical iron deficiency. Crop susceptibility also varied greatly. For example, Cu++ readily caused chlorosis in beet and also in tomato, and potato, but not in oat and kale. 4. Ni++ induced symptoms resembling manganese deficiency in potato and tomato and unusual oblique white and green banding leaves of oat. Zn++ induced apparent manganese deficiency in sugar beet and Co++ toxicity in tomato initially resembled manganese deficiency. Ni++ and Co++ were the most toxic of the metals tested.
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E. J. Hewitt (1953) studied this question.