Penologists usually inquire: Do rehabilitation programs reduce recidivism?' Recently the effectiveness of all programs has been questioned.2 In turn, philosophers have debated a moral problem: Should criminals be punished for their past crimes according to what is deserved, or should they be subjected to future-oriented treatment programs and released when rehabilitated? Lately there has been a return to justice and away from the treatment model, at least theoretically, but the problem has not been resolved.3 Legislation and sentences continue to reveal an untidy compromise between rehabilitative (treatment) and
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Ernest van den Haag (1982) studied this question.