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Historical hydrographic data from the Southern Ocean are projected into a baroclinic stream function space, generating a three‐dimensional gravest empirical mode (GEM) parameterized by pressure, geopotential height, and longitude. The low‐dimensional GEM projection is intrinsically steady, vertically coherent, and equivalent barotropic. The GEM fields capture more than 97% of the total density and temperature variance in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region.
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Sun et al. (2001) studied this question.
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