Basal temperature of snow (BTS) data show characteristic spatial autocorrelations at distances typically less than 200 m, leading to non-independent regression residuals. Systematic temporal variations may also introduce model bias resulting in a shift in the predicted lower limit of permafrost. Both phenomena are analysed. The selection of an appropriate sampling design for a BTS measurement program appears critical in order to minimize problems typical of observational data in complex terrain.
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Brenning et al. (2005) studied this question.
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