Three decades of glucose‐lowering therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk — A real‐world analysis

Aim Over recent years, therapy options and strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have developed substantially. This study investigated glucose‐lowering treatment in patients with high cardiovascular risk over three decades. Materials and Methods A total of 2158 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography at a tertiary care hospital in Europe were included in three sequential observational studies (OS): OS1 (1999–2000; n = 672), OS2 (2005–2008; n = 1005) and OS3 (2022–2023; n = 481). Sociodemographic data, patient‐reported medication, medical histories and blood samples were analysed. Results A clear trend towards more complex glucose‐lowering therapies was found. A wider array of glucose‐lowering drugs was used over time (OS1: 11; OS2: 21; OS3: 25) and the number of different drugs used in combination therapy in a single patient increased to a maximum of five in OS3. Furthermore, substantial differences in applied medication regimens were observed: Sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors were the most frequently reported substance class (34.0% of total reported glucose‐lowering drugs) in OS3, whilst metformin remained a key component (OS1: 33.9%; OS2: 41.8%; OS3: 32.0%). Other drug classes like sulfonylureas were largely replaced. A total of 69.2% of patients in OS3 achieved an HbA1c level of < 7% (vs. OS1: 51.9%, OS2: 54.7%; p trend < 0.001). Over 25% of patients with T2DM were newly diagnosed at admission (OS1: 43.8%, OS2: 29.7%, OS3: 27.2%; p trend < 0.001) and had therefore no diabetes‐related medication. Conclusion These real‐world data emphasize a marked shift in T2DM treatment towards novel substance classes. However, the use of incretin mimetics remained low. Significantly more patients reached HbA1c targets in the most recent cohort.