Pollen Evidence of Late Holocene Mangrove Development in Bermuda

Bermuda is the northern latitudinal limit mangroves, but communities are diverse and . Two pollen diagrams from the largest area show vegetation changes over the last 5000 years. From 5000 to 2100 years ago this was a wetland, and pollen evidence is also shown the dryland endemic forest before colonisation of . Establishment of mangroves has only in the last 3000 years, when sea-level rise from 26 to 7 cm/l00 years. Flotation indicate that propagules could readily colonize from the Caribbean, and evidence both of climate during the glacial and that none of 's many endemics utilize a mangrove habitat that mangroves have had discontinuous in Bermuda through the Late Pleistocene. study shows that mangrove ranges may be more than was previously thought, subject to of habitats rather than dispersal capability.