Swarm intelligence‐based energy‐efficient data delivery in WSAN to virtualise IoT in smart cities

With the rapid implementation and expansion of the Internet of things (IoT) technologies in smart cities, network congestion control and energy‐efficient routing in wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) for virtualising IoT have emerged as a crucial area of research in recent years. This study implements the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm to realise network congestion control and energy‐efficient routing in the transport layer of WSANs. This algorithm is based on the flocking behaviour of birds. The simulation results show that the proposed PSO‐based approach provides better performance in terms of network lifetime and packet drop ratio compared with the ant colony optimisation and the artificial bee colony algorithm.