Femtosecond laser structuring of glasses

Femtosecond lasers enable precise 3D nano- and micro-structuring in glasses, transforming photonic devices fabrication. The process relies on highly nonlinear interactions between femtosecond laser pulses and transparent materials, resulting in localized modifications of optical properties. In this article, we explore the fundamental mechanisms of laser-glass interactions, highlight advanced architectures for photonic integrated circuits, and discuss ongoing research aimed at expanding the range of achievable optical functionalities through innovative laser processing techniques and novel glass compositions.