Water Dissociation on Single Crystalline Anatase TiO₂(001) Studied by Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The adsorption of water on the anatase TiO 2 (001)-(4 × 1) surface is studied using synchrotron radiation-excited core level photoelectron spectroscopy. The coverage-dependent adsorption of water at low temperature is monitored and compared to the sequence obtained after heating of a water multilayer. Two adsorption phases of submonolayer coverage can be defined: Phase 1 consists only of dissociated water, observed as OH-groups. This phase is found at low coverage at low temperature (190 K) and is the only state of adsorbed water above ∼230 K. The saturation coverage of phase 1 is consistent with dissociation on the 4-fold-coordinated Ti ridge atoms of the (4 × 1) surface reconstruction. Phase 2 is found at higher coverage, reached at lower temperature. It consists of a mixture of dissociated and molecular water with a ratio of 1:1 at 170 K. The molecular water is found to bond to the hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl coverage of phase 2 is approximately 2 times that of phase 1. The results suggest that the OH and H 2 O species of phase 2 are confined to the ridges of the surface.