The present study investigated the effects of therapist-absent alternate sessions and a vicarious therapy pretraining experience on group psychotherapy outcome with outpatients. It also related patient self-exploration to outcome. The alternate sessions regimen and high levels of self-exploration both led to slightly better outcome. Vicarious therapy pretraining was found to be highly facilitative, having its greatest effect on neurotic symptomatology.
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Truax et al. (1969) studied this question.