Riding waves of inclusivity: A scoping review of adaptive surfing interventions

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Introduction Inclusion through sport represents a critical goal for equitable health promotion. Adaptive surfing, modified for individuals with physical or sensory impairments, has emerged as a novel intervention supporting rehabilitation, empowerment and social integration. This scoping review systematically maps and assesses existing research on adaptive surfing interventions, identifying health, educational, psychological and social outcomes for people with disabilities. Materials and methods A total of 23 peer-reviewed studies were analysed, covering health outcomes, accessibility, programme design and social impact. Studies were appraised for methodological rigour, reported outcomes and contextual diversity. Results Findings highlight a range of interrelated benefits spanning physical, psychological and social benefits. Adaptive surfing was shown to improve balance, coordination, strength and motor control, while also promoting emotional regulation, autonomy and resilience. Participants reported enhanced self-esteem, reduced anxiety and stronger community belonging. Educational outcomes included cognitive stimulation, teamwork and environmental awareness. Adaptive surfing further functioned as a social equaliser, fostering inclusion and reducing stigma towards disability. However, research gaps remain regarding access barriers, long-term outcomes and intersectional inequities. Conclusions Adaptive surfing holds significant potential for inclusive health promotion and rehabilitation, representing a multidimensional intervention that combines physical and psychological therapy with social integration. It holds strong potential for inclusive health promotion and community participation. Future research should employ longitudinal and experimental methodologies, particularly randomised controlled trials.