A children's version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was administered to approximately 1150 pupils of primary school and 500 pupils of junior high school. Analysis showed that the mean morningness-eveningness scores significantly changed to eveningness from Grade 4 of primary school to the Grade 1 junior high school and suggested that circadian phase might be established by the older age (grade).
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Ishihara et al. (1990) studied this question.
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