Techniques for reducing cap and base restraint are discussed, and a method for assuring effective elimination of restraint with lubricated caps and bases is presented. The effects of cap and base restraint on specimen deformation, stress-strain behavior, compression strength, strength parameters, pore pressures, and volume changes are examined. In general, the effects of cap and base restraint are not significant; the use of lubricated caps and bases is mandatory only when volume changes in drained tests must be measured with very high accuracy.
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Duncan et al. (1968) studied this question.
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