Buerger's disease or thromboangiitis obliterans [TAO] is a progressive inflammatory disease that is non atherosclerotic and segmental. Small and medium arteries in the upper and lower extremities are most commonly affected. Despite the etiology and pathophysiology of TAO being still unclear, smoking plays a vital role in the emergence and development of the disease. Diagnosis of TAO can be established through anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examinations.
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Fardhani Ichlasul Mahdi (2023) studied this question.
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