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Abstract Barium titanate is still the prototype of a piezoelectric crystalline material that has attracted many researchers and industrial partners to use. A modified citrate method was used to create barium titanate nanoparticles BaTi 1− x Zr x O 3 . The samples were crystallized in a single-phase tetragonal structure, as revealed using X-ray powder diffraction. The crystallite size decreases with increasing Zr concentration. Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed the main absorption bands of the samples BaTi 1− x Zr x O 3 . Field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs illustrate that the doped sample BaTi 0.9 Zr 0.1 O 3 is more porous and finer than the parent. For low Zr doping concentrations ( x = 0.1), the ferroelectric properties of barium titanate are improved. The conduction mechanisms in the samples are small polaron hopping and correlated barrier hopping. The Zr/Ti ratio is a crucial parameter for tailoring the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition.
Reda et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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