Predicting Solute Diffusivity in Polymers Using Time–Temperature Superposition

We demonstrate a novel application of the time–temperature superposition (TTS) principle to predict solute diffusivity D in glassy polymers using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Our TTS approach incorporates the Debye–Waller factor ⟨ u 2 ⟩, a measure of solute caging, along with concepts from thermodynamic scaling methods, allowing us to balance contributions to the dynamics from temperature and ⟨ u 2 ⟩ using adjustable parameters. Our approach rescales the solute mean-squared displacement curves at several temperatures into a master curve that approximates the diffusive dynamics at a reference temperature, effectively extending the simulation time scale from nanoseconds to seconds and beyond. With a set of “universal” parameters, this TTS approach predicts D with reasonable accuracy in a broad range of polymer/solute systems. Using TTS greatly reduces the computational cost compared to standard MD simulations. Thus, our method offers a means to rapidly and routinely provide order-of-magnitude estimates of D using simulations.