CFD Analysis of Natural Convection Performance of a MMRTG Model Under Martian Atmospheric Conditions

Understanding the thermal behaviour of radioisotope generators under Martian conditions is essential for the safe and efficient operation of planetary exploration rovers. This study investigates the heat transfer and flow mechanisms around a simplified full-scale model of the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations performed with ANSYS Fluent 2023 R1. The model consists of a central cylindrical core and eight radial fins, operating under pure CO2 at a pressure of approximately 600 Pa, representative of the Martian atmosphere. Four cases were simulated, varying both the reactor surface temperature (373–453 K) and the ambient temperature (248 to 173 K) to reproduce typical diurnal and seasonal scenarios on Mars. The results show the formation of a buoyancy-driven plume rising above the generator, with peak velocities between 1 and 3.5 m/s depending on the thermal load. Temperature fields reveal that the fins generate multiple localized hot spots that merge into a single vertical plume at higher elevations. The calculated dimensionless numbers (Grashof ≈ 105, Rayleigh ≈ 105, Reynolds ≈ 102, Prandtl ≈ 0.7, Nusselt ≈ 4) satisfy the expected range for natural convection in low-density CO2 atmospheres, confirming the laminar regime. These results contribute to a better understanding of heat dissipation processes in Martian environments and may guide future design improvements of thermoelectric generators and passive thermal management systems for space missions.