Motivation and self-efficacy among winter outdoor exercise enthusiasts

This study examined the self-efficacy and motivations of individuals who sustain healthy exercise patterns outdoors throughout the winter season. Cross-country skiers (n = 182) at a Nordic center were surveyed about their exercise patterns, self-efficacy and motivations. The self-efficacy and motivations of year-round (including winter) outdoor exercise enthusiasts were examined and compared with more seasonal outdoor exercise participants who maintain similar overall exercise patterns. The year-round outdoor exercise group was more confident across both the ‘stick-to-it’ and ‘making time’ dimensions of self-efficacy; and more motivated by enjoyment, challenge, competition and affiliation. The year-round group were more drawn to the outdoors for skill development as compared with more seasonal group, who were more likely to seek an alternative to their daily routine. The study findings raise the possibility that adhering to winter outdoor exercise may strengthen motivation and commitment to a sustained healthy exercise program.