Accounting for internal variation in nationalist mobilization: unofficial referendums for independence in Catalonia (2009–11)

Between S eptember 2009 and A pril 2011, around one‐half of the C atalan municipalities held unofficial referendums on independence from S pain, in which more than 800,000 citizens took part. However, the participation rates were unevenly distributed across C atalonia. In this paper, using an original data set, we aim to respond to two relevant questions: first, why in some municipalities the referendum took place and in others it did not occur. Second, why did the referendum achieve high rates of turnout in some localities and much lower participation in others. We find that the resources available to the movement, the intensity of the mobilization efforts, the participatory tradition of the municipalities and the size of the nationalist ‘sentiment pool’ in each locality explain to a great extent the internal variation in nationalist mobilization in C atalonia.