Development and validation of a nomogram to predict coronary heart disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in northern China

Figures

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  Figure 1. Model evaluation (F1-score) results based on the number of features across 6 models in training group and validation group. Abbreviation: GBDT: gradient boosting decision tree; KNN: k-nearest-neighbors; LR: logistic regression; RF: random forest; XGB: xgradient-boosting; SVM: support vector machine.

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  Figure 2. RA patients developed to CHD’s nomogram. The CHD nomogram was developed in the training cohort, with serum lipids, inflammatory markers, and serological status in RA patients. Abbreviation: LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RF+, positive rheumatoid factor; CRP, C-reactive protein; Anti-CCP-positive, positive anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

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  Figure 3. Calibration curves of the CHD and the model with the addition of sex and age prediction in each cohort. Abbreviation: (A) Calibration curve of the CHD in the simple model of the development cohort. (B) Calibration curve of the complex model with addition of adjusted sex and age in the development cohort. (C) Calibration curve of the CHD in the simple model of the validation cohort. (D) Calibration curve of the complex model with addition of adjusted sex and age in the validation cohort.

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  Figure 4. Diagnostic value for FRS and the clinical prediction model to predict CHD. Abbreviation: FRS, diagnostic value for FRS to predict CHD; Pre1, diagnostic value for simple clinical prediction model to predict CHD; Pre2, diagnostic value for complex clinical prediction model to predict CHD.

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  Figure 5. Decision curve analysis for serum lipids, inflammatory markers, and serological status in RA and CHD patients of the simple and complex model in the training cohorts. The y-axis represents the net benefit, the x-axis represents the high-risk threshold of CHD in RA patients. The red line represents the nomogram of predictors in simple model. The blue line represents the complex model with addition of sex and age. The gray line represents the assumption that all patients have CHD.