A Status Review of Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) in the Management of Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects millions globally. Current conventional pharmacological interventions, such as beta-2 agonists and inhaled corticosteroids, while effective, often come with long-term adverse effects and poor symptom control. Hence, this has spurred interest in exploring natural therapies. Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus), a traditional medicinal fungus originating in Southeast Asia, has garnered attention for its potential benefits in managing asthma. This review aims to explore the pharmacological properties, constituents, and existing evidence of use in the management of asthma. The sclerotium of TMM, in particular, is highly rich in bioactive compounds, including polysaccharide-protein complexes, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpenoids, and Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins (FIPs), which contribute to its anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, and immunomodulating properties. Preclinical studies have reported that L. rhinocerus suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduces eosinophil infiltration, and minimises airway remodelling. A clinical study has also demonstrated improvements in overall respiratory function as well as a drop in inflammatory markers upon TMM supplementation. Furthermore, the diversity of dosage forms such as capsules, powders, and effervescent tablets serve to support its ease of integration into asthma care. Despite promising findings, clinical evidence remains limited, and the need for more large-scale, randomized control trials is required to confirm its efficacy and safety. This review highlights TMM as a suitable and compelling candidate for use as a natural source of asthma therapy as well as the need for continuous research and evaluation. Major Findings: Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) possesses promising anti-inflammatory and bronchoprotective properties in asthma management. Preclinical studies primarily show suppression of Th2 cytokines and reduction of airway remodelling.