Acknowledgements 1. Iberia and America Before the Conquest Amerindian Civilization Civilizations on the Eve of European Conquest The Iberian World in the Late Fifteenth Century Exploration and the Caribbean Experiment 2. The Age of Conquest The Conquest of Mexico The Conquest of Peru The Ebbtide of Conquest Conundrums and Columbian Exchange 3. Ruling New World Empires Imperial Organization and Admininistration The Colonial Church 4. Population and Labor Changes in the Colonial Population Indian Labor Slavery and the Slave Trade 5. Production, Exchange, and Defense The Mining and Sugar Industries International Trade and Taxation Defense The Colonial Economy 6. Living in an Empire Securing an Income Urban and Rural Environments Colonial Society Race, Culture, and Class The Family Daily Life in the Colonies The Cultural Milieu 7. Imperial Expansion The Spanish Colonies, 1680s to 1762 Brazil in the Age of Expanision New Spain, Peru, and the Reforms of Charles III 8. Crisis and Collapse An Era of War and Crisis for Spain and Portugal Independence in South America Independence in Mexico and Central America Epilogue - A Note on Periodical Literature Glossary Illustration Sources and Credits Monarchs of Spain and Portugal INDEX
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Woodrow Borah (1990) studied this question.