Cu( ii / i ) redox couples: potential alternatives to traditional electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

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DSSCs have reached certified efficiency of 11.9% and device efficiency of 14.3% using I ⁻ /I ₃ ⁻ or Co( ii / iii ) redox shuttles. But, they have many constraints and Cu( i / ii ) electrolytes are found to be best alternatives and the efficiency has crossed 30% under low light conditions, potential applications in Internet of things.