Omenn Syndrome and DNA recombination defects

Mutations in the RAG1/RAG2 genes are associated with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes, ranging from severe combined immunodeficiency to various autoimmune diseases. The diversity of the clinical symptoms is determined not only by the residual RAG recombinase enzyme activity as determined by the mutations, but also by multiple environmental factors and, in rare cases, by second site mutations within the RAG1/RAG2 genes. The residual recombinase activity is responsible for the oligoclonal expansion of autoreactive T cells. Omenn syndrome is the result of intense Th2 type inflammation involving the skin and multiple other organs triggered by these T cells. In this review, the molecular pathology of diseases caused by RAG1/RAG2 mutations, in particular Omenn syndrome, will be discussed. Furthermore, abnormalities in other molecules involved in V(D)J recombination will be discussed in relation to Omenn-like syndrome.