The concept of maximizing “employee voice” is examined in VW66 (see page 51) which looks at the various techniques which organizations use to provide this facility which may take the form, for example, of collective bargaining or a grievance procedure. Installing formal processes for employees to be heard appears to be on the increase, ranging from mandatory work councils which are a feature of many western European countries, to the various voluntary mechanisms which predominate in the USA.
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A 1993 study studied this question.