Potentiometric titration and ion adsorption data were analyzed according to theory which treats soils as mixtures of permanent and variable charge minerals. Evidence of permanent positive charge was found in a Spodosol and two Oxisols. Surface areas calculated from negative ion adsorption below and above the zero point of charge indicates that permanent and variable charges occupy the same area. Laboratory procedure for characterizing samples with mixed charges are described.
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Gillman et al. (1980) studied this question.
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