Analytic expressions are obtained for nonadiabatic jumps in the magnetic moment μ for particle orbits in linear and axisymmetric cusped magnetic fields, starting from an integral derived by Hastie and Taylor. The resulting formulas for Δμ/μ are found to agree to within a few percent with values derived from computed orbits. In the limit of large mirror ratios, the theoretical results confirm a semiempirical formula of Grad and van Norton.
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James E. Howard (1971) studied this question.
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