A near-infrared photocatalyst, Er ³⁺ /Tm ³⁺ /Yb ³⁺ tridoped (CaWO ₄ @(TiO ₂ /CaF ₂ ) is presented, in which the CaF ₂ nanocrystals are converted from CaWO ₄ precursors in a multi-stage process, and the remaining CaWO ₄ are wrapped in CaF ₂ and TiO ₂ nanocrystals to form a heterostructure.
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Huang et al. (2014) studied this question.
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