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Thermal or solutal/surfactant gradients and electric fields when applied to a liquid surface (air-liquid interface or liquid-liquid interface) can excite convective patterns, transverse (gravity-electro-capillary, Laplace) or longitudinal (Marangoni-Lucassen) waves and eventually turbulence. Reported here are dispersion relations and threshold values for sustained waves (oscillations) and related phenomena.
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Velárde et al. (1989) studied this question.
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