Ameliorative Effect and Mechanism of the Purified Anthraquinone-Glycoside Preparation from Rheum Palmatum L. on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures

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  Figure 1. The structure of the emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside (I), aloe-emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside (II), and chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucoside (III) and HPLC chromatogram of purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. (PAGR) (a) and mixed Reference (b).

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  Figure 2. The changes in body weight (a) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (b) of rats during the administration of Met and purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. (PAGR). NC, normal group; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Met, metformin group; Low, low group (100 mg/kg); Mid, middle group (200 mg/kg); Hig, high group (400 mg/kg). The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 10), # p < 0.05 ## p < 0.01 vs.NC group; * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 vs. T2DM group.

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  Figure 3. Effects of purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. (PAGR) on total cholesterol (TC) (a), triglyceride (TG) (b), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (c), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (d), creatinine (e), and BUN (f) in serum of rats. NC, normal group; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Met, metformin group; Low, low group (100 mg/kg); Mid, middle group (200 mg/kg); Hig, high group (400 mg/kg). The data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 10), # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. NC group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. T2DM group.

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  Figure 4. The effects of purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. (PAGR) on histopathological changes in the liver of rats. Histological observation, H&E, a–f×200; (a), normal (NC) group; (b), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) group; (c), metformin (Met) group; (d), Low group; (e), middle (Mid) group; (f), high (Hig) group; CV, central veins; , hepatocyte; , inflammatory cell; , lipid droplet.

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  Figure 5. Effects of purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. (PAGR) on histopathological changes in the kidney of rats. Histological observation, H&E, a-f×400; (a), normal (NC) group; (b), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) group; (c), metformin (Met) group; (d), Low group; (e), middle (Mid) group; (f), high (Hig) group; , glomerulus; , base membrane; , mesangial.

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  Figure 6. Effects of purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. (PAGR) on histopathological changes in the pancreas of rats. Histological observation, H&E, a–f×400; (a), normal (NC) group; (b), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) group; (c), metformin (Met) group; (d), Low group; (e), middle (Mid) group; (f), high (Hig) group; , islet; , islet cell; , lipid droplet.

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  Figure 7. The effect of purified anthraquinone-Glycoside from Rheum palmatum L. (PAGR) on the protein expression of Fas ligand (FasL), cytochrome C (Cyt-c), and Caspase-3 in pancreatic tissue. NC, normal group; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Met, metformin group; Low, low group (100 mg/kg); Mid, middle group (200 mg/kg); Hig, high group (400 mg/kg).

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  Figure 8. The signaling pathway of apoptosis. Hyperglycemia leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which change the membrane potential of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome C (Cyt-c). It also leads to the expression of Fas ligand (FasL) and Fas, and they combine to form the Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD). The Cyt-c and FADD all activate caspase cascade reaction, leading to apoptosis.