Abstract 1) The J -integral is path independent in both PS and SEN specimens and equals the tearing energy. 2) The critical J -integral at initiation is less in PS specimens than in SEN specimens, because the greater biaxial stress in PS restricts the process zone. 3) At initiation, the crack-tip radius, proportional to the local strain, is independent of CB. 4) The energy density within and the size of the process zone near the crack tip increase with CB; these are major contributions to CB reinforcement.
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Liu et al. (1987) studied this question.
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