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Bladder exstrophy still presents a challenging reconstructive problem for the paediatric urologist. Successful primary closure may benefit from osteotomies and several new and different options are available. The Mitrofanoff principle has gained an important role in the achievement of urinary continence if bladder neck reconstruction has failed. Both genital and general cosmetic reconstructions have gained further consideration, allowing the surgeon to improve the cosmetic appearance and the quality of life of the exstrophic patient.
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Manzoni et al. (1994) studied this question.
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