A level of service scheme for microscopic simulation of pedestrians that integrates queuing, uni-and multi-directional flow situations

The concept of Level of Service is widely used in road traffic planning as well as in planning for pedestrian traffic and events. Pedestrian Level of Service schemes either are based on density alone or on special elements that are situation dependent (like width of sidewalks). In this contribution an extension of the original density-based Level of Service schemes is suggested for use in microscopic simulation of pedestrian traffic. The proposed concept does with only one scheme, i.e. with only one set of level breakpoints for different situations as queuing, uni-directional, bi-directional, or multi-directional flows. The level breakpoints of the proposed concept can be calibrated to existing sets of Level of Service schemes. In this way applicants can continue to rely on their experience with the established concepts.