Invention rates are found to be more proportional to R & D input if organization design is organic-professional rather than mechanistic-bureaucratic in a diverse sample of 110 U.S. factories. However, organic design rules are appropriate only if the work of the organization is small-scale and technically complex. Problems and opportunities associated with incorporating organic design elements into large, high-tech industries are explored and some observations offered on practices in Japanese industries.
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Frank M. Hull (1988) studied this question.
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