The fabrication and operation of Ti:sapphire channel-waveguide lasers is presented, in which both the gain medium and the waveguide are formed by the thermal diffusion of titanium. Lasing was observed between wavelengths of 775 nm and 821 nm, with the lowest launched pump-power threshold being 210±40 mW for a pump wavelength of 514.5 nm.
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Hickey et al. (2004) studied this question.
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