Previous explanations of the Flade potential have been reviewed critically. A new explanation based on a single phase passive film of having non‐ uniform defect concentration and type is advanced. The potential determining reaction is considered to be that between excess oxygen in the outer p‐type layers and hydrogen ions and electrons. The inner n‐type oxide is destroyed by reductive dissolution in acid media and by exchange of oxygen ions with hydroxyl ions in solution having p H values higher than 3.0.
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M. J. Pryor (1959) studied this question.