Large area MBE grown vertical-cavity surface emitting laser diodes (VCSELs) for high power emission at ~980 nm wavelength have been fabricated. Top emitting devices of 146 µm active diameter deliver 160 mW at 20% wallplug efficiency and 180 mW maximum output power in a junction-up configuration.
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Grabherr et al. (1996) studied this question.
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